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Book of Fees
The Book of Fees is the colloquial title of a modern edition, transcript, rearrangement and enhancement of the mediaeval ''Liber Feodorum'' (Latin: "Book of Fees"), being a listing of feudal landholdings or "fees/fiefs", compiled in about 1302, but from earlier records, for the use of the English Exchequer. Originally in two volumes of parchment, the ''Liber Feodorum'' is a collection of about 500 written brief notes made between 1198 and 1292 concerning fiefs held ''in capite'' or in-chief, that is to say directly from the Crown. From an early date, the book comprising these volumes has been known informally as the ''Testa de Nevill'' (meaning "Head of Nevill"), supposedly after an image on the cover of the volume of one of its two major source collections. The modern standard edition, known colloquially as "The Book of Fees" whose three volumes were published between 1920 and 1931, improves on two earlier 19th-century efforts at publishing a comprehensive and reliable modern edition of all these mediaeval records of fees. The nomenclature ''Book of Fees'' is that generally used in academic citations by modern scholars to refer to this 20th-century modern published edition of the ancient collected documents.
==Origins==
Sir Henry Maxwell-Lyte in his preface to the latest edition, suggests that the documents transcribed into the "Book of Fees" stem from two major collections of records:
*The first dates from the reign of King John(1199–1216) and was long known as the ''Testa de Nevill'' ("Head of Nevill"). The classical Latin word ''testa'' literally means "burnt clay, earthen container, pot, urn", but was also used in a transferred sense to mean "shell, covering".〔Cassell's Latin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles〕 In the low Latin of the Middle Ages the word had acquired the meaning "skull" or "head" 〔Larousse Dictionnaire de la Langue Francaise Lexis: ''Tete''〕(for which the classical Latin word is ''caput''). Maxwell-Lyte suggested that ''Testa de Nevill'' originally referred to some receptacle for keeping a particular group of administrative documents, marked as it may have been by the head of a man named "Nevill", as it had been the custom for officers of the Exchequer to mark certain documentary collections with drawn symbols, such as the heads of important departmental officials. There are too many namesakes from the period to permit his identification, but it is known that several officials surnamed Nevill(e) were associated with the Exchequer during the 13th century, most notably Ralph Neville the Chancellor himself.〔Maxwell-Lyte, "Preface", pp. xiii-xiv.〕 An Exchequer Roll of 1298 seems to bear witness to this collection of documents as it mentions a ''rotulus Teste de Nevill'' ("roll from (the) Testa de Nevill").〔Maxwell-Lyte, "Preface", p. xv.〕
*The second collection consisted of two or more rolls of parchment, one of which is still extant, headed by the title ''Serjantie arentate per Robertum Passelewe tempore Regis H. filii Regis Johannis'', meaning "Concerning the serjeanties let by Robert Passelewe in the time of King Henry III, son of King John".〔Maxwell-Lyte, "Preface", p. xvii.〕 It reports on the inquiries and their subsequent proceedings when Passelewe, a royal clerk and Bishop of Chichester, let (i.e. rented out, the technical term is "arrented") a number of lands held by the feudal land tenure of serjeanty. The text is accompanied by passages quoted from several documents which are also contained within the ''Testa de Nevill''. Added to this are the returns for several counties in answer to an inquiry made in 1255.〔
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